On May 3, local time, the April non - farm payrolls report released by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that the number of new jobs was 175,000, which was lower than the market expectation of 243,000 significantly and was also the smallest increase in six months. In addition, the number of employed persons in February and March this year has been revised. In February, the non-farm payrolls were revised down to 236,000 from 270,000. In March, the non-farm payrolls were revised upward from 303,000 to 315,000. The total number of employed persons in January and February was revised down by 22,000. Historically, the average number of new jobs per month in 2023 was 251,000, and the average number of new jobs per month in the first quarter of 2024 was 276,000. Therefore, judging from the results alone, these non-farm payrolls did help boost market expectations for rate cuts.
The US unemployment rate in April was 3.9%, higher than the previous value and the expected 3.8%. So far, the unemployment rate has remained below 4% for 27 consecutive months, which was the longest period since the late 60s of the 20th century. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate has been in a narrow range of 3.7% to 3.9% since August 2023. The average hourly earnings of the US nonfarm private sector rose 0.2% MoM to $34.75.
In terms of specific breakdowns, the number of new jobs in the private sector was 167,000, lower than the previous value of 232,000. Among them, the growth of employment in the private sector was mainly from health care, transportation, and retail trade. The number of new jobs in health care was 56,200, down from 72,300 in the previous month. The number of new jobs in the transportation and warehousing industry was 21,800, higher than the previous value of 1,200. Besides, the number of new jobs in the retail industry was 20,100, higher than the previous value of 17,600.
Leisure and Hospitality
The Leisure and Hospitality industry added 5,000 new jobs in April, which has slowed down sharply from the previous value of 49,000 and far lower than the average employment of 37,000 in the past 12 months. The Leisure and Hospitality sector was the main sector that supported US job growth in March. The main reason for the weaker US non-farm payrolls data in April was the sharp slowdown in job growth in this sector.
The labor market cooled unexpectedly this month, mainly due to easing on the demand side. Correspondingly, wage growth also cooled in April, with average hourly earnings rising by 0.2% MoM lower than the previous value of 0.3%, and the YoY increase also falling further to 3.9% (previous value of 4.1%). The demand reduction will first affect the Leisure and Hospitality industry of labor-intensive service industries.
In addition, the high turnover of people has always been a problem in the Leisure and Hospitality industry, and there is a considerable number of part-time workers. According to the household survey in April, the cumulative number of part - time workers in March rose to an average YoY growth rate of 4.8%, totaling 27.72 million in the month, with a decrease of 914,000 from the previous value (MoM). The decrease in part-time staff may also be one of the main reasons for the decline in this industry.
If we look at the detailed non - farm payrolls data released by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, we will find that the data is divided into two parts. One is the private non-farm payrolls surveyed by the agency, and the other is the private non-farm payrolls (excluding private domestic workers) from the household survey. The non-farm payrolls data we usually look at belong to the former.
These two are mainly different in terms of survey subjects, statistical caliber, and itemized treatment. We will not try to explain this in detail. In simple terms, there are no duplicate individuals in the household survey. That is, even though a person may be working multiple part - time jobs at the same time, the person is only counted once. However, the principle of agency surveys is that as long as a person works in multiple positions and appears on multiple payslips as an employee, the number of appearances will be counted several times. This is one of the reasons why the NFP data can sometimes be exaggerated. In other words, the results of the household survey are more conservative. Therefore, when the non-farm payroll data of the agency survey is exaggerated, we should refer to the non-farm payroll data of the household survey.
The occasional unexpected drop in employment can not tell anything. However, the employed population of the industry has been declining, combined with the employment data for some time. Although the number of subsequent jobs may still be repeated, the overall trend of declining employment in the industry has already formed.
Construction
The construction sector, which added 39,000 jobs in March, grew by only 9,000 jobs in April, supported by bullish US construction of buildings.
According to the National Association of Realtors (NAR), existing home sales in the United States fell in March from a nearly one-year high set in February, highlighting the impact of high mortgage rates and high home prices on the US housing market.
The total number of US annualized existing home sales in March was 4.19 million, which was lower than the expected 4.2 million and the previous value of 4.38 million. Existing home sales fell 4.3% MoM in March, higher than expectations of 4.1% and sharply lower than the previous reading of 9.5%. Besides, it was also the biggest monthly decline since November 2022.
However, there were 1.11 million homes for sale as of the end of March, up 14.4% YoY. At the current rate of sales, it will take about 3.2 months to consume the supply in the market, which is still less than the 5-month inventory-to-sales ratio. This indicates that while inventories are rising, the market remains tight overall. As a result, the median existing home price rose 5.7% YoY to US$384,500 in March. In addition, the NAR's report also showed that properties stayed on the market for an average of 33 days in March, which was significantly lower than the previous value of 38 days. This indicates that the demand for homes remains strong.
Against the backdrop of strong housing demand and insufficient supply, the number of employed people in the construction industry should continue to grow. The only explainable reason for this is that the previous Fed's hawkish speech weighed on rate cut expectations severely, which affected the confidence of real estate developers to expand production. In other words, the key to the continued growth of construction employment is still the Fed's management of interest rate cut expectations. However, the released non-farm payroll data has reignited rate - cut expectations. It is believed that the employment - population in the construction industry will continue to rise in the subsequent evolution, thanks to the strong demand side of real estate.
The Labor Market and Inflation
After the shock of the pandemic a few years ago, US domestic consumption and real estate demand are now stronger than the pre-pandemic level, which indicates that the demand gap is greater than the supply gap.
The labor force participation rate, which reflects the supply of the labor market, remained unchanged at 62.7% in April, still close to the post-pandemic recovery high of 62.8% in August - November 2023, indicating that the labor supply was relatively stable in April. The labor force participation rate failed to return to pre-pandemic levels, which indicates that the labor supply has suffered a permanent contractionary effect, leaving the labor market in a tight trend in the long term.
Against this backdrop, the labor gap fell by 387,000 to 1.997 million, falling below 2 million for the first time since August 2021. As a result, job vacancies have decreased. In other words, the main reason for the ease of the labor tension is the cooled demand rather than the increased supply.
Given that the US fiscal policy maintains an expansionary stance, the demand for services consumption is still relatively strong. In terms of the industry structure, the weakness in April employment may be temporary, which is likely to improve again in May.
It should be noted that if the unemployment rate continues to rise sharply, the demand gap may widen rapidly in the short term, leading to "undersupply secondary inflation", which is driven by core commodity prices. The continuous decline in the unemployment rate may lead to a "cost-push secondary inflation", which is driven by high wages due to the further difficulty of enterprises in hiring workers. Both kinds of inflation could cause the Fed to delay rate cuts this year. In the medium to long term, the former scenario could quickly shift to deflationary, while the latter could lead to prolonged "stubbornness" in inflation.
Market Reaction
Non-farm payrolls were lower than expected, boosting expectations of rate cuts. After the release of the report, according to the Fed's CME FedWatch data, the market regained its expectations of two rate cuts this year. The Fed's first rate cut is expected to be brought forward from November to September, and the probability of a September rate cut is close to 50%, while the second rate cut is expected to occur by the end of the year.
US Treasury yields declined. The two - year Treasury yield fell 5.4bp to 4.829%. The yield on the 10-year Treasury fell 6.6bp to 4.518%. The three major US stock indexes rose collectively, with the Nasdaq rising nearly 2%. The dollar index declined to 105.0851. Gold prices in London edged lower to $2301.93 an ounce.
For now, the Fed remains slightly dovish. Although the first rate cut was delayed across the board with strong data in Q1, weaker inflation expected in Q2 and Q3 and a slowdown in the labor market left room for a rate cut. Therefore, there is no need to be overly pessimistic about rate cut expectations.
Several Fed officials, such as Fed Chairman Jerome Powell, Atlanta Fed President Bostic, and Chicago Fed President Goolsbee, have all said in public: "An unexpected weakness in the labor market could support the prospect of interest rate cuts and policy adjustments in advance."
However, looking around the NFP, the labor market has indeed eased due to the cooling of the demand side, but it is still far from the level of unexpected weakness. Goolsbee also said after the release of the report: "The increase in employment of 175,000 is a very solid non - farm payrolls report. I believe the Fed's monetary policy is restrictive. If such restrictive policies persist for a long time, attention needs to be paid to the job market. "
The NFP report is notoriously volatile, and what we see this month may not be the same as next month. While this NFP gave the Fed some hope, it did not establish a trend for them. In other words, it is not enough to fully restore the confidence that the Fed needs to "inflation will continue to move towards 2%". Therefore, although the non - farm payrolls have boosted the expectation of rate cuts, the Fed may not have any "action".
More Fed officials will deliver speeches this week. Judging by the ununified speeches of Bowman and Goolsbee, there may still be no consensus within the Fed. The speeches of other officials need to be further observed.
At present, there are still 2 inflation reports and 1 non - farm payroll data to be released before the June interest rate meeting. If the subsequent inflation data also declines, it will completely fuel the expectation of a rate cut.